Antibiotics: When They Help, and When They Don't

Antibiotics are among the most important medicines ever discovered. But every unnecessary course makes them a little less effective for all of us. World AMR Awareness Week (18–24 November) is a good moment to look at how we use them.

A growing problem

WHO's global antibiotic resistance surveillance report, published in October 2025, found that one in six laboratory-confirmed bacterial infections worldwide in 2023 did not respond to standard antibiotic treatment. Between 2018 and 2023, resistance rose in more than 40% of the bacteria–antibiotic combinations WHO monitors, by about 5–15% a year. Common bacteria such as E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which cause urinary tract and bloodstream infections, are becoming harder to treat.

Antibiotics do not work against viruses

Colds, flu, COVID-19, most coughs and sore throats, and most cases of acute bronchitis and sinusitis are caused by viruses. Antibiotics will not make them pass faster or stop them spreading. They can, however, cause side effects such as diarrhoea, rashes, allergic reactions and thrush, and they disturb the healthy bacteria in your gut.

Five rules for safe use

• Take antibiotics only when a doctor prescribes them. Do not buy them "just in case".
• Take them exactly as prescribed: the right dose, at the right times, for as long as your doctor tells you.
• Never use leftover antibiotics or share them with family members.
• Do not press your doctor for antibiotics. Ask instead what will relieve your symptoms.
• Prevent infections: wash your hands, keep vaccinations up to date and handle food safely.

When they are needed

Some infections do need antibiotics: for example a bacterial throat infection confirmed by a test, many urinary tract infections, or bacterial pneumonia. Simple tests, such as a throat swab, a urine test or a CRP blood test, help your doctor decide.

See a doctor if a fever lasts more than three days, if you get worse after starting to feel better, or if you have shortness of breath, chest pain or severe pain anywhere. At FMRC, our family doctors will find out what is causing your symptoms and prescribe antibiotics only when they will really help. Call 0 422 277 303 or book a visit online.

Sources: WHO Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025 (13 October 2025); WHO fact sheet on antimicrobial resistance.